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The D Programming Language

Classes and functions for handling and transcoding between various encodings.

For cases where the encoding is known at compile-time, functions are provided for arbitrary encoding and decoding of characters, arbitrary transcoding between strings of different type, as well as validation and sanitization.

Encodings currently supported are UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32, ASCII, ISO-8859-1 (also known as LATIN-1), and WINDOWS-1252.

  • The type AsciiChar represents an ASCII character.
  • The type AsciiString represents an ASCII string.
  • The type Latin1Char represents an ISO-8859-1 character.
  • The type Latin1String represents an ISO-8859-1 string.
  • The type Windows1252Char represents a Windows-1252 character.
  • The type Windows1252String represents a Windows-1252 string.


For cases where the encoding is not known at compile-time, but is known at run-time, we provide the abstract class EncodingScheme and its subclasses. To construct a run-time encoder/decoder, one does e.g. 

    auto e = EncodingScheme.create("utf-8");


This library supplies EncodingScheme subclasses for ASCII, ISO-8859-1 (also known as LATIN-1), WINDOWS-1252, UTF-8, and (on little-endian architectures) UTF-16LE and UTF-32LE; or (on big-endian architectures) UTF-16BE and UTF-32BE.

This library provides a mechanism whereby other modules may add EncodingScheme subclasses for any other encoding.

License
Boost License 1.0.
Authors
Janice Caron
Source:
std/encoding.d

dchar  INVALID_SEQUENCE;

Special value returned by safeDecode

enum  AsciiChar: ubyte;
alias  AsciiString = immutable(AsciiChar)[];

Defines various character sets.

enum  Latin1Char: ubyte;

Defines an Latin1-encoded character.

alias  Latin1String = immutable(Latin1Char)[];

Defines an Latin1-encoded string (as an array of immutable(Latin1Char)).

enum  Windows1252Char: ubyte;

Defines a Windows1252-encoded character.

alias  Windows1252String = immutable(Windows1252Char)[];

Defines an Windows1252-encoded string (as an array of immutable(Windows1252Char)).

bool  isValidCodePoint(dchar c);

Returns true if c is a valid code point

Note that this includes the non-character code points U+FFFE and U+FFFF, since these are valid code points (even though they are not valid characters).

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf.startsValidDchar().
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
dchar c the code point to be tested

string  encodingName(T)();

Returns the name of an encoding.

The type of encoding cannot be deduced. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly specify the encoding type.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Examples
assert(encodingName!(Latin1Char) == "ISO-8859-1");

bool  canEncode(E)(dchar c);

Returns true iff it is possible to represent the specifed codepoint in the encoding.

The type of encoding cannot be deduced. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly specify the encoding type.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Examples
assert(canEncode!(Latin1Char)('A'));

bool  isValidCodeUnit(E)(E c);

Returns true if the code unit is legal. For example, the byte 0x80 would not be legal in ASCII, because ASCII code units must always be in the range 0x00 to 0x7F.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
E c the code unit to be tested

bool  isValid(E)(const(E)[] s);

Returns true if the string is encoded correctly

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf.validate(), however note that this function returns a bool indicating whether the input was valid or not, wheras the older funtion would throw an exception.
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
const(E)[] s the string to be tested

size_t  validLength(E)(const(E)[] s);

Returns the length of the longest possible substring, starting from the first code unit, which is validly encoded.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
const(E)[] s the string to be tested

immutable(E)[]  sanitize(E)(immutable(E)[] s);

Sanitizes a string by replacing malformed code unit sequences with valid code unit sequences. The result is guaranteed to be valid for this encoding.

If the input string is already valid, this function returns the original, otherwise it constructs a new string by replacing all illegal code unit sequences with the encoding's replacement character, Invalid sequences will be replaced with the Unicode replacement character (U+FFFD) if the character repertoire contains it, otherwise invalid sequences will be replaced with '?'.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
immutable(E)[] s the string to be sanitized

size_t  firstSequence(E)(const(E)[] s);

Returns the length of the first encoded sequence.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
const(E)[] s the string to be sliced

size_t  lastSequence(E)(const(E)[] s);

Returns the length the last encoded sequence.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
const(E)[] s the string to be sliced

ptrdiff_t  index(E)(const(E)[] s, int n);

Returns the array  index at which the (n+1)th code point begins.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf.toUTFindex().
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
const(E)[] s the string to be counted
int n the current code point  index

dchar  decode(S)(ref S s);

Decodes a single code point.

This function removes one or more code units from the start of a string, and returns the decoded code point which those code units represent.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf. decode(), however, note that the function codePoints() supercedes it more conveniently.
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
S s the string whose first code point is to be decoded

dchar  decodeReverse(E)(ref const(E)[] s);

Decodes a single code point from the end of a string.

This function removes one or more code units from the end of a string, and returns the decoded code point which those code units represent.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
const(E)[] s the string whose first code point is to be decoded

dchar  safeDecode(S)(ref S s);

Decodes a single code point. The input does not have to be valid.

This function removes one or more code units from the start of a string, and returns the decoded code point which those code units represent.

This function will accept an invalidly encoded string as input. If an invalid sequence is found at the start of the string, this function will remove it, and return the value INVALID_SEQUENCE.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
S s the string whose first code point is to be decoded

size_t  encodedLength(E)(dchar c);

Returns the number of code units required to encode a single code point.

The input to this function MUST be a valid code point. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

The type of the output cannot be deduced. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly specify the encoding as a template parameter.

Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
dchar c the code point to be encoded

E[]  encode(E)(dchar c);

Encodes a single code point.

This function encodes a single code point into one or more code units. It returns a string containing those code units.

The input to this function MUST be a valid code point. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

The type of the output cannot be deduced. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly specify the encoding as a template parameter.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf. encode(), however, note that the function codeUnits() supercedes it more conveniently.
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
dchar c the code point to be encoded

size_t  encode(E)(dchar c, E[] array);

Encodes a single code point into an array.

This function encodes a single code point into one or more code units The code units are stored in a user-supplied fixed-size array, which must be passed by reference.

The input to this function MUST be a valid code point. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

The type of the output cannot be deduced. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly specify the encoding as a template parameter.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf. encode(), however, note that the function codeUnits() supercedes it more conveniently.
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
dchar c the code point to be encoded
E[] array the destination array
Returns
the number of code units written to the array

void  encode(E)(dchar c, void delegate(E) dg);

Encodes a single code point to a delegate.

This function encodes a single code point into one or more code units. The code units are passed one at a time to the supplied delegate.

The input to this function MUST be a valid code point. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

The type of the output cannot be deduced. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly specify the encoding as a template parameter.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf. encode(), however, note that the function codeUnits() supercedes it more conveniently.
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
dchar c the code point to be encoded
void delegate(E) dg the delegate to invoke for each code unit

CodePoints!E  codePoints(E)(immutable(E)[] s);

Returns a foreachable struct which can bidirectionally iterate over all code points in a string.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

You can foreach either with or without an index. If an index is specified, it will be initialized at each iteration with the offset into the string at which the code point begins.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf.decode().
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
immutable(E)[] s the string to be decoded
Examples
string s = "hello world";
foreach(c;codePoints(s))
{
    // do something with c (which will always be a dchar)

}


Note that, currently, foreach(c: codePoints(s)) is superior to foreach(c;s) in that the latter will fall over on encountering U+FFFF.

CodeUnits!E  codeUnits(E)(dchar c);

Returns a foreachable struct which can bidirectionally iterate over all code units in a code point.

The input to this function MUST be a valid code point. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

The type of the output cannot be deduced. Therefore, it is necessary to explicitly specify the encoding type in the template parameter.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf.encode().
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
dchar c the code point to be encoded
Examples
dchar d = '\u20AC';
foreach(c;codeUnits!(char)(d))
{
    writefln("%X",c)
}
// will print

// E2

// 82

// AC

size_t  encode(Tgt, Src, R)(in Src[] s, R range);

Encodes c in units of type E and writes the result to the output range R. Returns the number of Es written.

void  transcode(Src, Dst)(immutable(Src)[] s, out immutable(Dst)[] r);

Convert a string from one encoding to another. (See also to!() below).

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Supercedes:
This function supercedes std.utf.toUTF8(), std.utf.toUTF16() and std.utf.toUTF32() (but note that to!() supercedes it more conveniently).
Standards
Unicode 5.0, ASCII, ISO-8859-1, WINDOWS-1252
Parameters
immutable(Src)[] s the source string
immutable(Dst)[] r the destination string
Examples
wstring ws;
transcode("hello world",ws);
    // transcode from UTF-8 to UTF-16


Latin1String ls;
transcode(ws, ls);
    // transcode from UTF-16 to ISO-8859-1

class  EncodingException: object.Exception;

The base class for exceptions thrown by this module

abstract class  EncodingScheme;

Abstract base class of all encoding schemes

static void  register(string className);

Registers a subclass of EncodingScheme.

This function allows user-defined subclasses of EncodingScheme to be declared in other modules.

Examples
class Amiga1251 : EncodingScheme
{
    shared static this()
    {
        EncodingScheme.register("path.to.Amiga1251");
    }
}

static EncodingScheme  create(string encodingName);

Obtains a subclass of EncodingScheme which is capable of encoding and decoding the named encoding scheme.

This function is only aware of EncodingSchemes which have been registered with the register() function.

Examples
auto scheme = EncodingScheme.create("Amiga-1251");

abstract const string  toString();

Returns the standard name of the encoding scheme

abstract const string[]  names();

Returns an array of all known  names for this encoding scheme

abstract const bool  canEncode(dchar c);

Returns true if the character c can be represented in this encoding scheme.

abstract const size_t  encodedLength(dchar c);

Returns the number of ubytes required to encode this code point.

The input to this function MUST be a valid code point.

Parameters
dchar c the code point to be encoded
Returns
the number of ubytes required.

abstract const size_t  encode(dchar c, ubyte[] buffer);

Encodes a single code point into a user-supplied, fixed-size buffer.

This function encodes a single code point into one or more ubytes. The supplied buffer must be code unit aligned. (For example, UTF-16LE or UTF-16BE must be wchar-aligned, UTF-32LE or UTF-32BE must be dchar-aligned, etc.)

The input to this function MUST be a valid code point.

Parameters
dchar c the code point to be encoded
ubyte[] buffer the destination array
Returns
the number of ubytes written.

abstract const dchar  decode(ref const(ubyte)[] s);

Decodes a single code point.

This function removes one or more ubytes from the start of an array, and returns the decoded code point which those ubytes represent.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded.

Parameters
const(ubyte)[] s the array whose first code point is to be decoded

abstract const dchar  safeDecode(ref const(ubyte)[] s);

Decodes a single code point. The input does not have to be valid.

This function removes one or more ubytes from the start of an array, and returns the decoded code point which those ubytes represent.

This function will accept an invalidly encoded array as input. If an invalid sequence is found at the start of the string, this function will remove it, and return the value INVALID_SEQUENCE.

Parameters
const(ubyte)[] s the array whose first code point is to be decoded

abstract const @property immutable(ubyte)[]  replacementSequence();

Returns the sequence of ubytes to be used to represent any character which cannot be represented in the encoding scheme.

Normally this will be a representation of some substitution character, such as U+FFFD or '?'.

bool  isValid(const(ubyte)[] s);

Returns true if the array is encoded correctly

Parameters
const(ubyte)[] s the array to be tested

size_t  validLength(const(ubyte)[] s);

Returns the length of the longest possible substring, starting from the first element, which is validly encoded.

Parameters
const(ubyte)[] s the array to be tested

immutable(ubyte)[]  sanitize(immutable(ubyte)[] s);

Sanitizes an array by replacing malformed ubyte sequences with valid ubyte sequences. The result is guaranteed to be valid for this encoding scheme.

If the input array is already valid, this function returns the original, otherwise it constructs a new array by replacing all illegal sequences with the encoding scheme's replacement sequence.

Parameters
immutable(ubyte)[] s the string to be sanitized

size_t  firstSequence(const(ubyte)[] s);

Returns the length of the first encoded sequence.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Parameters
const(ubyte)[] s the array to be sliced

size_t  count(const(ubyte)[] s);

Returns the total number of code points encoded in a ubyte array.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Parameters
const(ubyte)[] s the string to be counted

ptrdiff_t  index(const(ubyte)[] s, size_t n);

Returns the array  index at which the (n+1)th code point begins.

The input to this function MUST be validly encoded. This is enforced by the function's in-contract.

Parameters
const(ubyte)[] s the string to be counted
size_t n the current code point  index

class  EncodingSchemeASCII: std.encoding.EncodingScheme;

EncodingScheme to handle ASCII

This scheme recognises the following names: "ANSI_X3.4-1968", "ANSI_X3.4-1986", "ASCII", "IBM367", "ISO646-US", "ISO_646.irv:1991", "US-ASCII", "cp367", "csASCII" "iso-ir-6", "us"

class  EncodingSchemeLatin1: std.encoding.EncodingScheme;

EncodingScheme to handle Latin-1

This scheme recognises the following names: "CP819", "IBM819", "ISO-8859-1", "ISO_8859-1", "ISO_8859-1:1987", "csISOLatin1", "iso-ir-100", "l1", "latin1"

class  EncodingSchemeWindows1252: std.encoding.EncodingScheme;

EncodingScheme to handle Windows-1252

This scheme recognises the following names: "windows-1252"

class  EncodingSchemeUtf8: std.encoding.EncodingScheme;

EncodingScheme to handle UTF-8

This scheme recognises the following names: "UTF-8"

class  EncodingSchemeUtf16Native: std.encoding.EncodingScheme;

EncodingScheme to handle UTF-16 in native byte order

This scheme recognises the following names: "UTF-16LE" (little-endian architecture only) "UTF-16BE" (big-endian architecture only)

class  EncodingSchemeUtf32Native: std.encoding.EncodingScheme;

EncodingScheme to handle UTF-32 in native byte order

This scheme recognises the following names: "UTF-32LE" (little-endian architecture only) "UTF-32BE" (big-endian architecture only)